FORMULATION OF ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW POLICY AS A JURIDICAL INSTRUMENT FOR MAINTAINING THE BALANCE OF POWER AMONG STATE INSTITUTIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20414/ijhi.v24i2.1043Keywords:
Taʿzīr, Islamic Criminal Law, Checks and Balances, Constitutional Integration, Moral AccountabilityAbstract
This study conceptually explores the possibility of integrating Islamic criminal law, particularly the doctrine of taʿzīr, into Indonesia’s constitutional framework of checks and balances. Rather than proposing an institutional mechanism, the paper normatively analyzes how Islamic ethical values such as ʿadl (justice), maslahah (public welfare), and hisbah (moral accountability) can enrich the moral foundation of state governance. The analysis is conducted through a qualitative normative approach based on secondary legal materials, including constitutional theory, Islamic jurisprudence, and contemporary scholarly discourse. The paper argues that taʿzīr, while traditionally applied to individual moral violations lacking explicit textual sanctions, may serve as a philosophical reference for enhancing ethical responsibility among state officials. However, this requires a clear epistemological distinction between taʿzīr as a moral-legal doctrine and checks and balances as a political-institutional system. The integration, therefore, should not be understood as a merger of institutional powers but as a normative dialogue between divine ethics and constitutional governance. The study concludes that Islamic criminal law contributes by offering an ethical corrective dimension to Indonesia’s democratic system, emphasizing moral accountability and justice without undermining legal pluralism or constitutional principles.
References
Abd Rahman R, Hasse Jubba, Irwan Abdullah, Supardin, Hamzah Hasan, Tasmin Tangngareng, and Mirna Yusuf. (2023). “Local Wisdom in Economic Practice: An Empowerment Fiqh Analysis of the Tesang Tradition of the Buginese and Makassarese.” Cogent Social Sciences 9(1):2194112. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2023.2194112.
Abdulnabi, Shuaib M. 2024. “Issues and Challenges of Implementing E-Governance in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Analysis of Civil Service Models.” Cogent Business & Managment 11(1). doi: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2340579.
Adyan, Antory Royan, and Ariesta Wibisono Anditya. 2025. "Legal Reforms on Femicide in Indonesia : The New Criminal Code, Victim Protection, and the Role of Islamic Law." Legal Reforms on Femicide in Indonesia: The New Criminal Code, Victim Protection, and the Role of Islamic Law 6(2):117–58. doi: 10.15294/jllr.v6i2.18939.
Al-Qur’an, Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf. 2019. Al-Qur’an Dan Terjemahannya, Edisi Penyempurnaan. Jakarta: Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementrian Agama RI.
Alam, Md. Mahmudul, Jamaliah Said, and Mohamad Azizal Abd Aziz. 2019. “Role of Integrity System, Internal Control System and Leadership Practices on the Accountability Practices in the Public Sectors of Malaysia.” Social Responsibility Journal 15(7):955–76. doi: 10.1108/SRJ-03-2017-0051.
Alfitri. 2021. “Can the Requirements of Shariah Law Regarding Criminal Punishments Be Interpreted in a Way That Is Compatible with the ICCPR and CAT?” Indonesian Journal of International Law 7(1). doi: 10.17304/ijil.vol7.1.230.
Anggar Putra, Muhammad Salahuddin. 2025. “The Transformation of the Meaning of Dalalah Qath’i and Zhanni in Fiqh Reasoning: A Comparative Analysis between the Classical and Modern Eras.” Kalam Al Gazali: Education and Islamic Studies 2(1):24–37.
Arifin, Fajar, Ainur Rofiq, and Muhammad Husnur. 2022. “Transformational Leadership of The School Principal in Building Organizational Culture.” Chalim Journal of Teaching and Learning 2(2):163–73. doi: /10.31538/cjotl.v2i2.414.
Arifin, Muhammad. 2020. “The Efforts of Islamic Criminal Law Integration into Indonesian Law Procedures.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) 3(2):975–84. doi: 10.33258/birci.v3i2.925.
Arodha, Dianidza. 2025. “Ethical Corporate Governance Based on Islamic Perspective.” Accounting Journal of Ibrahimy (AJI) 3(2):10–20. doi: 10.35316/aji.v3i1.7036.
Asmoro, Dwi, and Ade Saptomo. 2024. “Islamic Law in the Development of Indonesian Law.” Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities 7(1): 138–47. doi: 10.24815/jr.v7i1.36816.
Black, Ann. 2022. “Exporting a Constitutional Court to Brunei ? Benefits and Prospects.” Constitutional Review 8(2). doi: 10.31078/consrev826.
Bourchier, David. 2019. “Two Decades of Ideological Contestation in Indonesia: From Democratic Cosmopolitanism to Religious Nationalism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 713–33. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2019.1590620.
Bukhari, Asmuni, Muhammad Hatta, and Anwar. 2022. “Jarimah Khalwat Arrangements in Qanun Number 6 Of 2014 Concerning Jinayat and Its Polymics in Aceh.” Istinbáth: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Islam 21(2):227–436. doi: 10.20414/ijhi.v21i2.567.
Djalaluddin, Muhammad Mawardi, Bulqia Mas’ud, Dedy Sumardi, Isnawardatul Bararah, and Kamus Kamus. 2023. “The Implementation of Ta’zīr Punishment as an Educational Reinforcement in Islamic Law.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam 7(1):399–417. doi: 10.22373/sjhk.v7i1.15101.
Ezzerouali, Souad. 2025. “Expanding the Authority of Muhtasib to Protect Consumers: A Comparison between Moroccan Law and Islamic Qanun of Aceh.” Trunojoyo Law Review 7(2):161–91. doi: 10.21107/tlr.v7i2.29151.
Fathoni, M. Insan, Fadhila Tianti, Imam Kamaluddin, and Yaumi Sa’adah. 2025. “Fiqh Study Of Powdered Breast Milk From The Perspective Of The Maliki And Shafi’i’ I Schools In The Nusantara.” Istinbáth: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Islam 24(1):119–34. doi: 10.20414/ijhi.v24i1.949.
Ferry, Fathurokhmandan, and Ahmad Fauzi. 2015. “Islamic Criminal Law as a Bridge of Contention Between Public and Individual Interest Within Restorative Justice.” Jurnal Media Hukum 22(1). doi: 10.18196/jmh. 2015.0046.36-56.
Fuad, Zainul, Surya Darma, and Muhibbuthabry Muhibbuthabry. 2022. “Wither Qanun Jinayat? The Legal and Social Developments of Islamic Criminal Law in Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 8(1):2053269. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2022.2053269.
Gul, Seema, Riaz Ahmad, and Dr. Sami Ur Rahman. 2025. “Constitutional Dualities: Reconciling Islamic Normativity with Common Law Principles in Hybrid Legal Systems.” Indus Journal of Social Sciences 3(2):674–693. doi: 10.59075/ijss.v3i2.1501.
Gyene, Pál. 2019. “Democracy, Islam and Party System in Indonesia: Towards.” PCD Journal 7(1):27–55.
Hariri, Achmad, and Samsul Arifin. 2025. “Analysis And Challenges Of Unimplemented Constitutional Court Decisions By Legislators.” Indonesia Law Reform Journal 5(1):1–24. doi: 10.22219/ilrej.v5i1.38332.
Heradhyaksa, Bagas, and Jasri Jamal. 2019. "The Opportunities of the Application of Islamic Criminal Law According to the Indonesian Constitution." Journal of Islamic Law Studies (JILS) 2(2).
Hikmah, Warda Silwana, Hasnan Bachtiar, and Kukuh Dwi Kurniawan. 2022. “Bisexual Orientation, Divorce, and Islamic Law in Indonesia : Legal Standing and Arguments.” AHKAM 22(1):137–60. doi: 0.15408/ajis.v22i1.25791.
Huda, M. Ikhwanul, and Abdul Mujib. 2025. “Effectiveness Of The Role Of The Sharia Supervisory.” Istinbáth: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Islam 24(1):16–30. doi: 10.20414/ijhi.v24i1.765.
Huda, Muhammad Chairul, and Budi Ispriyarso. 2019. “Contribution of Islamic Law in the Discretionary Scheme That Has Implications for Corruption.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 19(2):147–67. doi: 10.18326/ijtihad.v19i2.147-167.
Ihtiar, Habib Wakidatul. 2020. “Membaca Maqashid Syari’ah Dalam Program Bimbingan Perkawinan.” Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Islam 8(2):233–58. doi: 10.21274/ahkam. 2020.8.2.233-258.
Irawan, Benny Bambang, Febriharini, Mahmuda Pancawisma, Sukmariningsih, Retno Mawarini, Riyanto, and Ontran Sumantri. 2024. “The Authority of Indonesia’s Constitutional Court: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Role in Settling Disputes Among State Institutions.” Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences 22(2):p20972. doi: 10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.000194.
Ismail, Arief, and Nabila. 2024. “Analysis of the Concept of Ta ’ Zir in Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment.” SYARIAT: Akhwal Syaksiyah, Jinayah, Siyasah and Muamalah 1(3):148–55. doi: 10.35335/khmyvr58.
Ja’far, Suhermanto. 2024. “Pluralistic Ethics and Fiqh of Nationality: Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School’s Efforts to Build a National Episteme Based on Jurisprudence.” Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Pluralistic 24(2):197–214. doi: 10.21154/tahrir.v24i2.8912.
Karimullah, Suud Sarim. 2023. “The Implications Of Islamic Law On The Rights Of Religious Minorities In Muslim-Majority Countries.” MILRev Metro Islamic Law Review 2(2):90–114. doi: 10.32332/milrev.v2i2.7847.
Khosyi’ah, Siah. 2021. “Norma Ideal Hakim Dalam Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia.” Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Islam 20(1):74–90.
Kurniati, Kurniati, and Rahmiati. 2021. “The Epistemology Of Siyasah Studies In The Philosophy Of UIN Alauddin Makassar Scientific Trains.” Jurnal Al Tasyri’Iyyah 1(1):39–62. doi: 10.24252/jat.v0i0.20443.
Lawrence, Matthew B. 2021. “Subordination and Separation of Powers.” The Yale Law Journal 131(1):78–174.
Loso Judijanto, Chevy Herli Sumerli A., Firmansyah, Nuryati Solapari, Raihana Raihana. 2024. “Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Intellectual Property Rights Protection System for Creative Industry Development in Indonesia.” West Science Law and Human Rights 2(1):28–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.58812/wslhr.v2i01.605.
Madan, Rohit, and Mona Ashok. 2023. “AI Adoption and Diffusion in Public Administration: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda.” Government Information Quarterly 40(1):101774. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2022.101774.
Masorong, Amyna Naphizah P. 2025. “Islamic Ethical Principles and Accountability in Governance.” Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance 7(21):21–34. doi: 10.35631/AIJBAF.721002.
Mualim, Rojif, Badrus Zaman, and Anjar Kususiyanah. 2024. “Islam, Democracy, and Human Rights : A Critical Approach.” Pp. 26–28 in Proceedings of ICCoLaSS: International Collaboration Conference on Law, Sharia and Society.
Muhammad, Ramizah Wan. 2020. “Forgiveness and Restorative Justice in Islam and the West: A Comparative Analysis.” ICR Journal 11(2):277–97. doi: 10.52282/icr.v11i2.786.
Muhammad, Ramizah Wan, and Mohamed Affan Shafy. 2020. “Constructing An Islamic Criminal Law System in Malaysia.” Mimbar Hukum 32(1):333–45. doi: 10.22146/jmh. 56217.
Mujamil, Ashari, and Ali Wafa. 2023. “Relevance Of Verses on Politics in the Quran with the Constitution in Indonesia; Thematic Pancasila, UUD I945, And Controversial Articles in Criminal Code (KUHP).” Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Islam 22(2). doi: 10.20414/ijhi.v22i2.549.
Nabi, Nasir. 2024. “Islamic Ethics: Exploring Its Principles and Scope.” International Journal of Applied Ethics 10(24):69–85.
Nahrowi, Masyrofah, M. Nurul Irfan, and Atmo Prawiro. 2025. “Deradicalization Strategy: Correcting Terrorist Inmates’ Understanding of the Implementation of Islamic Law in Indonesia.” Hikmatuna: Journal for Integrative Islamic Studies 11(1):89–105. doi: 10.28918/hikmatuna.v11i1.10841.
Nasihuddin, Abdul Aziz, and Eko Nursetiawan. 2023. “Internalization of Islamic Values in Indonesian Legislation and Their Implementation in The Life of The Nation and State.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Science 18(1):303–16. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4756216.
Nasrianti, Sanusi, Azhari, and Ilyas. 2025. “Legal Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions in Aceh: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Islamic Law and Positive Law in Indonesia.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 10(1):81–104. doi: 10.29240/jhi.v10i1.12526.
Nasrullah, Carissa Shifa Novendra, and M. Farel Reyhan. 2024. “The Challenges of Islamic Criminal Law Implementation in Aceh Shariah Court.” Diponegoro Law Review 9(1):121–35. doi: 10.14710/dilrev.9.1.2024.121-135.
Nur, Muh Tahmid. 2021. “Justice in Islamic Criminal Law: Study of the Concept and Meaning of Justice in The Law of Qisas.” Asy-Syir’ah 55(2):336–65. doi: 10.14421/ajish.v55i2.1011.
Prayoga, Hendra, Wasman, and Edy Setyawan. 2025. “The Concept of Reconciliation in Islamic Criminal Law and the Implementation of Restorative Justice as a Contribution to Criminal Law Reform in Indonesia.” MIZAN: Journal of Islamic Law 9(1):24–33. doi: 10.32507/mizan.v9i1.3551.
Purkon, Arip. 2021. “Political Parties and Islamic Law Positivization in Contemporary Indonesian Governance.” Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9(2):75–86. doi: 10.18510/hssr. 2021.928.
Putra, Anggar. 2021. “INDONESIA’S PRESIDENTIAL THRESHOLD AS OPEN LEGAL POLICY IN ELECTION: As A Base for Muslim Studies.” Jurnal Al Tasyri’iyyah 1(2):121–31.
Putra, Anggar. 2024. “Conflict Of Interest Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi Telaah Putusan Nomor 90 / PUU-XXI / 2023 Conflict Of Interest Chief Judge Of The Constitutional Court Reviews Decision Number.” Journal of Excellence Humanities and Religiosity 2(2):99–116.
Putra, Anggar. 2025. “Analisis Konstitusionalitas Pengujian Ex-Ante Review Perspektif Siyasah Syar’iyyah Di Indonesia.” Journal of Excellence Humanities and Religiosity 2(1):104–21.
Ramadhan, Febriansyah, Deny Noer Wahid, and Nabil Nizam. 2023. “Relations Between State and Religion: Legal Studies and Court Decisions.” Jurnal APHTN-HAN 2(1):32.
Sahib, Agung. 2024. “The Implementation of Trias Politica Concept in The System of Government in the Indonesian Constitution Post Amendment.” Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) 6(1):1–8. doi: 10.24252/aldev.v6i1.41362.
Sari, Imma Purnama, Diana Haiti, and Nurunnisa. 2025. “A Culturally Adaptive Model of Rehabilitative Justice across Secular and Islamic Approaches.” Diktum: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum 23(2):233–48. doi: 10.35905/diktum.v23i2.13131.
Senoaji, Mohammad Furqoon, and Ifadah Pratama Hapsari. 2025. “Religion-Based Law Enforcement in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Law Analysis.” JUSTISI 11(2):607–39. doi: 10.33506/js.v11i2.4263.
Shaleh, Chaerul, Fauzan Ali Rasyid, Adang Sonjaya, and Manswab Mahsen Abdulrahman. 2025. “Human Rights in the Control of Digital Public Space Freedom: A Collaborative Approach Based on Islamic Law Principles.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 23(1):1–36. doi: 10.28918/jhi.v23i1.01.
Silvia, Ruth, and Achmad Lutfi. 2022. “Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi Participatory Budgeting : Lessons for Indonesia.” Integritas: Jurnal Antikorupsi 8(1):113–22. doi: 10.32697/integritas.v8i1.902.
Sirait, Adi Syahputra, Mhd. Syahnan and Budi Sastra Panjaitan. 2024. “Community Service Order Punishment: Alternatives in The Criminal Law System From Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah Perspective.” NURANI: Jurnal Kajian Syariah Dan Masyarakat 24(2):273–96. doi: 10.19109/nurani.v24i2.24276.
Steuer, Max, Sascha Kneip, and Cornell W. Clayton. 2025. “Courting Constitutional Crises : Crisis Mitigation by Constitutional Courts as Democratic Institutions.” European Journal of Futures Research 13(2):2–13. doi: 10.1186/s40309-025-00251-x.
Syafieh, and M. Anzaikhan. 2022. “The Moderate Islam and Its Influence on Religious Diversity in Indonesia.” ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 23(2):177–92. doi: 10.14421/esensia.v23i2.3.
Syafuri, H. B. 2025. Fiqh Siyasah Di Era Globalisasi. Sumedang: Yayasan Al-Ma’aarij Darmaraja.
Taufiqurrohman, A. H. Asari, Mohamad Hidayat Muhtar, Ahmad, Nur Mohamad Kasim, and Suwitno Yutye Imran. 2024. “The Role of Islamic Law, Constitution, and Culture in Democracy in the UAE and Indonesia.” Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 24(1):83–100. doi: 10.15408/ajis.v24i1.33155.
Tejedo-Romero, Francisca, Joaquim Filipe Ferraz Esteves Araújo, Ángel Tejada y Yoanda Ramírez. 2022. “E-Government Mechanisms to Enhance the Participation of Citizens and Society: Exploratory Analysis through the Dimension of Municipalities.” Technology in Society 70:101978. Doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101978.
Tiopan, Demson, Agus Setiawan, and Kevin Alim Rabbani. 2023. “Implementation of The Trias Politica Concept and The Prospects For Establishing New High State Institutions in Indonesia.” UNES Law Review 6(1):3431–42. doi: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i1.
Vandi, Reza Shamseddin, Baharak Shahed, and Fatemeh Ahadi. 2024. “Examination of the Procedures of the General Inspection Organization in Addressing Administrative Offenses and Violations.” Legal Studies Digital Age 3(4):88–104. doi: 10.61838/kman.lsda.3.4.8.
Zulfahmi, Zulfahmi, Affan Muhammad Hasibuan, Abdul Haris Nasution, and Pebriyanti Pebriyanti. 2025. “Criminal Sanctions for Extortionists in the Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Criminal Law: A Comparative Analysis.” Al-Rasῑkh Jurnal Hukum Islam 14(1):1–16. doi: 10.38073/rasikh.v14i1.1978.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Suryadin Suryadin, Bachder Syarif Arkiang, Diky Yumansyah, Burhanuddin Mohammad, Syamsuddin Syamsuddin, Musmuliyadin Musmuliyadin, Anggar Putra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
